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IP stands for Internet Protocol and is a part of the TCP/IP protocol.
It determines the best route for information to travel from one
computer to another. IP addresses help identify each machine on a
network. Each IP is a 32-bit unique number in a 4-byte format divided
into 4 8-bit parts. Each part is indicated by a period in between,
thus defining a number with a minimum value of 1.0.0.1 and a maximum
value of 255.255.255.255. |
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There are two parts to an IP address: the part that identifies the
network and the part that identifies the host ID. This is determined
by the class of the IP address. There are five differnent classes of
IP addresses, each with a specific purpose. Class A IP addresses have
more nodes and less hosts, such as for large corporations. The first
octet (the first part of the IP address, such as 24.x.x.x) is a number
between 1 and 126. Class B IP addresses are between 128 and 191.
Class C IP addresses are for small companies where there are less than
255 hosts. The first octet is higher, being around 192 to 223. Class
D IP addresses are between 224 and 239. Class E IP addresses are
experimental, and they are between 240 and 255. |
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IP addressing is only a concern for machines that must exist on the
Internet. For internal networking, any IP address can be used.
However, it would help if unpublished or reserved IP addresses are
used. There are three predefined unpublished IP ranges that will
never be viewed on the Internet: 10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x, and
192.168.x.x. There are also some restrictions associated with IP
addressing. An IP of 0.0.0.0 is not permitted since it refers to
"this network." 127.0.0.1 is the "localhost," so pinging it makes for
a loopback test. 255.255.255.255 represents a network broadcast, but
this will only work on internal networks. The Internet restricts
using it. When setting up networks, the usual starting IP is x.x.x.1,
and it ends with x.x.x.255. |
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Subnetting IP addresses helps divide a network logically into smaller
networks within the same domain. Most of the time, the subnet is
defined as a subnet mask, where an address similar to an IP address is
used. The most common subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. The subnet masks
vary based on how many individual subnets you desire and how many
nodes there are per subnet. The default subnet masks are as follows:
1. Class A - 255.0.0.0 (0 subnets, 4,194,302 nodes), 2. Class B -
255.255.0.0 (0 subnets, 65,534 nodes), and 3. Class C - 255.255.255.0
(0 subnets, 254 nodes). The subnet masks vary based on how many
individual subnets you desire and how many nodes there are per subnet.
As you can see, the default ones set your network for 0 subnets (i.e.
this is the only network). If, for example, you desire 4 subnets with
62 nodes each, you should pick 255.255.255.192. |
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